科技英语写作和学术交际英语要点。
Parts of Speech 词类
冠词
1.速度是涉及大小和方向的一个矢量。
Velocity (Speed) is a vector quantity involving both magnitude and direction.
2.速度等于距离与时间之比。
Velocity (Speed) is equal to the ratio of distance to time.
3.如果在电阻器上加上电压，电阻器中就会有电流流动。
If a voltage is applied across a resistor, an electric current will flow in the resistor.
4.电功率的单位是瓦特。
The unit of electrical power is the watt.
5.电功率是用瓦特测量的。
Electrical power is measured in watts.
6.光是由波还是微粒构成的？
consist of//be made up of//be composed of
Does light consist of waves or particles?
Is light made up of/composed of waves or particles?
7.应当对计算机科学有一个充分的了解。
A good knowledge/understanding of computer science is necessary.
She has a good command of English grammar.
8.本文对A与B进行了详细的比较。
compare A and B
Make a comparison of A and B
This paper makes a detailed comparison of A and B.
A detailed comparison of A and B (between A and B) is made (in the paper).
9.对该电路做定量分析很难。
quality---quantity
qualitative---quantitative
make an analysis of…
It is very difficult to make a quantitative analysis of the circuit.
10.为阻止地球转动，得给赤道施加一个多大的力？
How great a force would have to be applied to the equator in order to stop the earth from rotating?
11.输入信号太大会引起非线形失真。
nonlinear distortion
a large signal
Too large an input signal causes nonlinear distortion.
12.末速度是平均速度的一半/三倍 。
The final velocity is half the average velocity.
The final velocity is three times the average velocity.
这两台设备的质量都很好。
Both the devices are good in quality.
The device is good in quality.
The device is low in cost.
The device is light in weight.
The device is small in size.
The device is simple in operation.
The computer is high in speed and accurate in operation.
13.这里应该使用一根S形管。
S-shaped pipe
An S-shaped pipe should be used here.
磁铁具有一个S极和一个N极。
magnet/magnetic/electric field
electromagnetic wave
A magnet has an S pole and an N pole.
Conjunctions 连词
1.现在假设电场具有矢量E的方向，但这个场并不均匀。（宾语从句并列）
Now let’s assume/suppose that the electric field has the direction of the vector E but that it is not uniform.
2.在这种情况下，每个部件基部的压力是相同的，所以该系统处于平衡状态。
In this case, the pressure at the base of each component is the same, therefore the system is in equilibrium.
Numerals 量词
1.该电容器上的电压为零点零几伏。
the voltage across the capacitor a few hundredths of a volt (P 18)
十年前该厂的产量仅为现在的五分之一。
output
one fifth what it is now
one fifth the present output
2.施加在该物体上的力为原来的五分之二。
exerted on/applied to two fifths what it was
这两个数值之差为万分之十三。
value difference 13 parts in $10^4$
3.这根导线比那根粗三倍。
wire thick
3 or 4 times as thick as…?
3 or 4 times thicker than…? (P 19)
该信号被放大了十倍。
amplify
11 times / 11 fold / by a factor of 11 (P 19,23)
Prepositions 介词
1.这本书对电子工程师来说是极有帮助的。
…is very helpful to…
…is of great help to…
This definition is of great importance /significance.
2.电容是以法拉为单位来度量的。
Capacitance is measured in farads.
Resistance is measured in ohms.
P 25-26
3.在把这些数值代入该方程后，人们发现v等于光速。 (P 28)
substitute …into…
On/Upon substitution of these values into the equation, it is found that v equals (is equal to) the velocity of light.
4.这是解方程的一个充分必要条件。
This is a sufficient and necessary condition for solving the equation.
若x > 1,则该方程无解。 (P 28)
For x > 1, there is no solution to the equation.
5.在研究电学时，物理学家们定义了电场强度。
When they studied electricity, physicists defined electric field intensity.
In their study of electricity, physicists defined electric field intensity.
Verbs 动词
1.这个系数有待确定。 (P 43)
This coefficient remains to be determined.
This problem remains to be solved.
2.输入成为负的，而输出保持不变。 (P 43)
positive negative
The input turns/goes negative while/whereas the output remains/stays constant/unchanged/unaltered/fixed/the same.
3.做试验时，越细心越好。 这一点再怎么强调都不过分。
In doing/conducting an experiment, one cannot be too careful.
This point cannot be overemphasized.
Adverbs 副词
1.下面两个等式 (P 43)
the two equations below (cf. above)
相距10厘米的两个金属球 (P 43)
two metal balls 10 cm apart
2.相距一段距离d的两根平行导线 (P 43)
two parallel wires a distance of d apart
2千米外的计算中心 (P 43)
3.这个系数的典型值为0.35。 (P 43)
The typical value of this coefficient is 0.35.
the computing center 2 km away
4.该设备主要由三部分组成。
The device consists of three parts. The device consists mainly of three parts.
这一现象基本上是由…引起的。
This phenomenon is due to … This phenomenon is due largely to …
Adjectives 形容词
1.现有的教科书 (P 43)
all the textbooks available
电子是存在于普通物质中的最小微粒。
Electrons are the smallest particles present in ordinary substances.
2.该力垂直作用于桌面。 (P 43)
The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.
该电荷正平行于电场运动。
The charge is moving parallel to the electric field.
3.X必须大于或等于1.
X must be greater than or equal to 1.
X必须小于或等于1.
X must be less than or equal to 1. P 42
4.计算机由于运算准确、速度快而得到了广泛的应用。 (P 43)
Computers have been widely used/applied because they are accurate in operation and high in speed.
Pronouns 代词
1.从把它定义为距离与时间之比来看，速度是以米每秒来表示的。
From its definition as the ratio of distance to time, speed is expressed in meters per second.
Nouns 名词
1.这种新材料耐腐蚀。
be resistant to corrosion
This new material is corrosion resistant.
该器件是防水的。
be resistant to water
This device is water resistant.
这些材料是压敏的。
be sensitive to pressure ……pressure sensitive.
这个设备是无线电控制的。
be controlled by radio
This device is radio controlled.
程控设备
equipment controlled by a program
program controlled equipment
2.这些工厂生产指甲盖大小的集成电路。
These factories produce/manufacture integrated circuits the size of a finger-nail.
我们将会制造出手表大小的计算机。
…computers the size of a watch.
3.一根丝线 (的百分之一那样) 粗细的导线 (P 57)
a wire the diameter of a silk thread
a wire one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread
4.该曲线显示了A随B变化的情况。
This curve shows the variation of A with B.
5.交流电可以转变为直流电，这一过程称为整流。 (P 57)
AC can be changed/transformed/converted into DC, (which is) a process called rectification.
磁铁能吸引铁质材料，这是大家都熟悉的现象。(P 57)
A magnet attracts iron materials, (which is) a phenomenon familiar to all.
激光是20世纪60年代发展起来的一项技术，它能穿透像金刚石这样最坚硬的物质。
A new technology introduced in the 1960s, laser can pierce the hardest substance such as diamond.
Parenthesis, Negation, Tense, Voice and Comparative degree of adj. & adv.
Parenthesis 插入语
1.前面已经学过，速度是个矢量。 (P 73)
Velocity, it has been learned before, is a vector quantity.
2.作者希望，本研究将有助于增强外语学习者的文化意识。
This study, it is hoped, will help enhance the cultural awareness of foreign language learners.
Negation (full & partial) 全/部分否定
1.部分否定
并非全部数据都要核对。
Not all the data are to be checked.
All the data are not to be checked.
我们实验室里的计算机的质量并非都很好。
Not all the computers in our laboratory are very good in quality.
All … are not very good in quality.
2.全否定
这两个力均不能离开对方而存在。
Neither force (Neither of the forces) can exist without the other.
这些窗户均承受不了这么大的力。 (P 74)
None of these windows can withstand so large a force/such a large force.
现有的教科书都没有提到这一点。(P 73)
No textbooks available …
None of the textbooks available …
Tense 被动
1.前一章讨论了变压器的工作原理。
The previous/preceding chapter discussed/ has discussed the working principle of the transformer.
… was discussed/has been discussed in ...
2.据估计下个月到该设备运抵时，技术人员对其工作原理已研究过了。
expect, arrive, study
It is expected that the technical staff/personnel there will have studied its principle of operation by the time the device arrives at that research institute next month.
Voice 强调
1.该物体正受到两个(大小相等、方向相反的)力的作用。
Two forces are acting on the body.
The body is being acted on by two forces (which are) equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
2.这种电池的极性必须加以注意。
We must pay attention to the polarity of the battery.
Attention must be paid to the polarity of the battery.
The polarity of the battery must be paid attention to.
Comparative degree
1.这台仪器实际上比图2所示的要稍微复杂一些。
A is slightly/a little more complex than B.
2.A比B复杂得多。
A is much/far/a great deal more complex than B.
3.笔记本电脑的尺寸越来越小，但功能越来越复杂。
ever smaller
increasingly sophisticated
4.早期的计算机有几个房间那么大。
An early computer was as large as several rooms.
小至0.1 A的电流不能产生足够的热。 (P 74)
The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce/generate enough heat.
5.似乎有多少设计者就有多少种设计方法。
It seems that there are as many designer as there are design method.
世界上有多少人，就有多少种指纹。
There are as many individual as there are fingerprint.
6.物体被举得越高，它所具有得势能就越大。
If a body is lifted higher, it possesses greater potential energy.
The higher a body is lifted, the greater potential energy it possesses.
7.Java与其说是一种编程语言，不如说是一种技术。
Java is more a technology than a programming language.
Non-finite Verbs 非限定动词
Infinitive 不定式
1.雷达的发明使人们能在夜间探测到飞机。
The invention of radar enables people to detect airplanes at night.
The invention of radar makes it possible to detect airplanes at night.
2.借助于计算机设计一种新型飞机只需几个月的时间。 (P 78)
It takes some time to do sth.
It takes only a few months to design a new type of airplane…
3.目标越远，回波返回所需的时间就越长。
The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.
4.该电路的输出正是待发送的信号。
The output of the circuit is just the signal to be transmitted.
要执行的程序储存在这一单元中。 (p. 78)
The program to be executed is stored in this unit.
5.存储单元是存储信息的地方。
A memory unit is a place to store information in. (= in which we can store information)
这是画画所用的笔。 (p. 79)
This is a pen to draw pictures with.
This is a pen with which to draw pictures.
6.为了使这种转换可逆，就必须保持平衡。
For the conversion to be reversible, equilibrium must be maintained.
为使该级数收敛，x必须小于1。
For this series to converge, x must be less than 1.
7.数字计算机高速进行精确计算的能力已使人们能够将其用作控制系统的部件。
The ability of digital computers to make precise calculations at high speeds has made it possible for them to be used as parts of control systems.
8.重要的是如何确定发射天线的模式。
How to determine the transmitting antenna pattern is important.
It is important how the transmitting antenna pattern is determined.
Participle (“-ing” & “-ed”)
1.若已知A和B，我们就能求出C。
If we know A and B, we can find out/determine C.
Knowing A and B, we can find out/determine C.
2.由于具有这两种性质，金属可被制成所需的形状。
Since they have/possess these two properties, metals can be made into the shapes required.
3.电路中流动的电流等于电压除以电阻。
The current flowing in the circuit is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance.
Gerund (-ing)
1.值得注意的是…
It deserves attention that…
It deserves to be noted that…
It is worth noting that…
be worth doing = deserve to be done
This book is worth reading. = … deserves to be read.
This place is worth visiting. = …deserves to be visited.
2.求出这些符号的可能值就称为解方程。
Finding the possible values of these symbols is called solving the equation.
把A代入B，就得到以下表达式。
Substituting A into B yields the following expression. Substituting A into B, we will get the following expression.
3.这涉及到要计算分子的总能量。
This involves calculating the total energy of the molecules.
involve doing
(avoid, consider, involve, facilitate, finish, suggest, practice, resist, ect. + doing)
4.一经挤压，气体的体积就会缩小。
On being compressed, a gas will reduce its volume.
With structure
1.当放大器截止时，增益为…
When the amplifier is off, the gain is…
(With) the amplifier off, the gain is… (adverbial of time)
2.由于存在摩擦，一部分功率以热的形式损失掉了。
Since friction is present, a part of power has been lost as heat.
(With) friction present, a part of power has been lost as heat. (adverbial of reason)
3.本文既讨论了理论问题，又讨论了实际的设计方法，重点在后者。
This paper discusses both A and B. Emphasis is put on the latter.
This paper discusses/deals with both theoretical issues and practical design methods with emphasis on the latter. (adverbial of further statement)
4.让我们以原点为圆心画一个半径为R的圆。 (p. 89)
Let’s draw a circle of radius R with the origin as its center/with its center at the origin. (adverbial of manner)
Clauses 从句
Adverbial clauses 状语从句
1.只要有摩擦力存在，就会产生热。
Heat will be created as long as//whenever a friction force exists/is present/is available.
2.直到引入了一种新概念,该问题才得到解决。(p. 94)
The problem was not solved until a new concept had been introduced.
3.电流在电路中流动就像水在水管中流动那样。
Current flows in the circuit (just) as water flows/does in the water-pipe.
4.就电效应而言，基本粒子分为三种：中性的、正的和负的。
As far as electrical effects are concerned, fundamental particles fall into 3 groups: neutral, positive and negative.
5.一切物质，不论是气体、液体还是固体，均由原子构成。
All the substances are made up of atoms whether they are gas, liquid or solid.
(be they gas, liquid or solid)
6.一切物体不论其温度有多低，均发射热射线。
All bodies emit heat rays no matter how low/however low their temperatures are.
尽管原子很小，它们是由更小的微粒构成的。(P 94)
Small as they are, atoms are made up of even smaller particles.
7.角的测量是独特的，在于单位是无量纲的。
The measurement of angles is unique in that the unit is dimensionless.
该物体处于这样的状态以至于它能做功。(p.94)
The body is in such a state that it can do work.
8.the way = (just) as
Current flows in…the way water does...
the moment/instant = as soon as
The moment the gas is heated, its volume expands.
9.the first/second time = when…for the first/second time
The first time they designed…, scientists met with a lot of difficulties.
the next/last time = when…next/last time
The next time you deal with such a problem, you’ll become more experienced.
each/every/any time = whenever
Every time I’m in trouble, he is ready to help me.
the day = on the day when…
The day I graduated from college, I was determined to run my own business one day.
Appositive clause
1.在这种情况下，不能保证该级数是收敛的。 (p. 95)
…there is no guarantee/assurance that this series is convergent.
毫无疑问……
There is no doubt that…….
2.人们越来越认识到这些方法是很有用的。 (p. 95)
People have become increasingly aware that…
There has been a growing/an increasing awareness/recognition that…
Nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative)
1.人们已经发现，电流的方向正好与电子流动的方向相反。
It has been found that the direction of the current is just opposite to that of the electron flow.
It has been found that the current flows in the opposite direction to the electrons.
2.（由此）我们得知…
From this we know that…
From this we can see that…
From this it follows that…
What clause
现在我们把到目前为止所证明了的内容小结一下。
…summarize what has been proved so far.
发电机所做的是把机械能转变成电能。(p.100)
What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Relative/Attribute/Adjective clause
1.“that” instead of “which”
anything that is stored in the memory (存储 器）
All (that) you need to do is (to) press the button. 你只需按一下这个按钮。
2.the same/such … as …
Such meters as we use to measure resistance are called ohmmeters.
We have used the same machine in this experiment as we used in the previous experiment.
3.prep. + which
这些式子是X和Y均为零的特殊情况。
These equations are the special cases in which/where X and Y are both zero.
这是光线通过的焦点。
This is the focus through which the rays pass.
功率是做功的速率。
Power is the rate at which work is done.
水结冰的温度一般为$0^oC$。 (p. 117)
The temperature at which water freezes is generally 00 C .
我们有待于求出该物体运动到原点右侧的最大距离。
It remains (for us) to find the maximum distance through which the body moves to the right of the origin.
4.as…
顾名思义，流体就是一种容易流动的物质。(p. 117)
As the name suggests, a fluid is a substance that/which flows readily. (p. 114)
Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气
Used in Conditionals (‘Were’ Pattern)
1.If there were no gravitation/gravity, everything on the earth would lose its weight.
Were there no gravitation, everything …would lose…
2.如果那个实验中用的水更多些的话，温度变化会更小些。
If more water had been used in that experiment, the change in temperature would have been smaller.
3.If electronic computers had not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.
4.如果他当时在大学里学过科技英语，他现在被这家合资企业聘用的可能性就更大了。
If he had taken the EST course at college, he would be more likely to be hired by this joint venture now.
Used in Nominal Clauses (‘Be’ Pattern)
1.他们建议将该点接地。
(Express this idea by using 4 different sentence patterns.)
They suggest (that) this point be grounded.
Their suggestion is that this point be grounded.
It is suggested that this point be grounded.
They have the suggestion that this point be grounded.
2.把电路中所有的电阻都并联起来是不必要的。
It is unnecessary to combine all the resistors in parallel.
It is unnecessary that all the resistors be combined in parallel.
Used in Adverbial Clauses (‘Were’ or ‘Be’ Pattern)
1.在实际运算中我们处理电流的方式就好象导体中所有的自由电子都以相同的恒定速度运动。
In practical calculations we deal with current as if/though all the free electrons in a conductor moved at the same constant speed.
2.这里的每样东西，不论是元件还是设备，均是国产的。（P 127， 2.8）
whether it be a component or a device be it a component or a device
应把电池存放在干燥的地方以免漏电。
Batteries should be kept in dry places lest/for fear that electricity (should) leak away.
Emphasis of Sentence Elements 句子成分强调
Cleft Sentence
1.我们正是把电子的流动称为电流。
We call the flow of electrons electric current.
It is the flow of electrons that we call electric current.
2.Which book on earth are you looking for?
Which book is it that you are looking for?
They don’t know how on earth electricity is generated.
They don’t know how it is that electricity is generated.
Auxiliary “do” used to emphasize a verb
1.这个方法确实管用，不过尚不清楚到底在什么条件下才能使用它。(P 127, 3.4)
This method does work, but it is not clear yet under what conditions (it is that) the method can be used.
“Very” used as an adj. to emphasize a noun
1.这正是我们预测的效果。
This is the effect that we have predicted. (just, very?)
This is just the effect that we have predicted.
This is the very effect that we have predicted.
2.钨就是用于电灯里的那种金属。（P 127, 3.2）
Tungsten is the very metal used in electric lamps.
Inversion used to achieve emphasis
1.这一性质我们称之为惯性。（P 128, 3.5）
We call this property inertia.
This property we call inertia.
They have paid no attention to this point.
No attention have they paid to this point.
What-clause used to show emphasis
1.This phenomenon has long confused scientists.
It is this phenomenon that …
What has long confused scientists is this phenomenon.
I want to have a good sleep after a long walk.
What I want to do after a long walk is to have a good sleep.
Inversion 倒装
Full Inversion & Partial Inversion
1.Here came my friend.
Only yesterday did my friend come.
There exists a friction force on the surface of…
Hardly does a friction force exist on the surface of…
2.常见的元素有氢、氧、碳等。
Among the common elements are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, etc. (full inversion)
应用更为广泛的是物质热胀（expand）冷缩（contract）的这一现象。
Of wider application is the fact that matter usually expands when (it is) heated and contracts when (it is) cooled. (full inversion)
3.By A is meant B.
所谓 ( )，指的是 ( )。
所谓伏特计，指的是用于测量电压的仪表。
By a voltmeter is meant the instrument used to measure voltage. (full inversion)
所谓线性工作，指的是放大器在几乎没有或没有失真的情况下放大信号的能力。
By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify a signal with little or no distortion .
4.只有当克服守恒力做功时，势能才会增加。
Only when work is done against a conservative force will there be an increase in potential energy. (partial inversion)
Only in this way can we build a harmonious society.
绝不能把该点接地。
Never/By no means/On no account/Under no circumstances can this point be grounded. (partial inversion)
Under no circumstances will China interfere in other countries’ internal affairs.
Ellipsis 省略
1.必须求出电阻器上的电流和电压。
It is necessary to find out the current through and the voltage across the resistor.
加速度与外力成正比，并与其方向相同。
The acceleration is in direct proportion to and in the same direction as the applied force.
2.必要时会采取适当措施的。
Proper measures will be taken if/when (they are) necessary/needed.
不论状态如何，细胞的变化会不断进行。
Whatever the state (is), the changes in the cell will go on constantly.
Separation
1.一定存在着阻止该物体下滑的一些力。
Some forces must exist that prevent the body from sliding.
2.The question arises how the damage can be minimized.
Toward the end of the 19th century, evidence began to appear that the atom was not the smallest particle.